We assume that if some music may activate the beat synchronized movement in such a way that the walking speed increases, it may also work in the opposite way in the sense that some music may relax the beat synchronized movement in such a way that the walking speed decreases. However, we believe that the set of musical stimuli used by Styns et al. can be seen as an expression of movement vigor. The boost effect observed by Styns et al. ![]() Note that effects on vertical and or sideward movement of the body cannot be excluded but we do not consider these aspects in the present study. ![]() Applied to beat synchronized walking, we assumed that the vigor of the movement response could be most easily observed in the walking speed (or forward stride length). However, certain features of the music (such as the sound pressure level of the bass drum) may also lead to more intense spontaneous hip movements and a higher degree of time-entrainment, which suggests an entrainment of the vigor of the movement response in addition to the entrainment of the timing of the movement response. These patterns may also influence the cognitive grouping of information into larger musical units at different hierarchical levels. – ) show that the tight and complex coupling of perception and movement is guided by temporal recurrent patterns in the acoustical structure of the music. Studies of time-entrainment addressing diverse aspects of synchronization (see for reviews) including dancing (e.g. This implies that the flow of a movement may embody expressive aspects of the music on top of a time-entrainment. Inspired by a theory of embodied music cognition, our hypothesis is that music may entrain the vigor or physical strength of a movement response. Nor is it known whether musical stimuli exist that have a relaxing effect on the participants resulting in them taking smaller steps and thus walking slower than on metronome stimuli. However, little is known about the acoustical and musical features that cause this effect. When two stimuli have the same tempo and the walking is synchronized with the beat, then it is the stride length that determines possible differences in speed. This result suggests that music may affect the human motor system by giving it a boost so that participants take bigger steps than when they walk in synchrony with metronome ticks. observed that participants walked faster on music than on metronome ticks. In a study that addressed the effect of music on beat synchronized walking in an open field Styns et al. The study opens up new perspectives for understanding the relationship between entrainment and expressiveness, with the possibility to develop applications that can be used in domains such as sports and physical rehabilitation. ![]() Overall, the study supports the hypothesis that recurrent patterns of fluctuation affecting the binary meter strength of the music may entrain the vigor of the movement. The mechanism may be attributed to an attentional shift, a subliminal audio-motor entrainment mechanism, or an arousal effect, but further study is needed to figure this out. The sonic features capture variation in loudness and pitch patterns at periods of three, four and six beats, suggesting that expressive patterns in music are responsible for the effect. Using regression analysis, it was possible to set up a predictive model using only four sonic features that explain 60% of the variance. Participants are consistent in their observation of qualitative differences between the relaxing and activating musical stimuli. ![]() The results reveal that some music is ‘activating’ in the sense that it increases the speed, and some music is ‘relaxing’ in the sense that it decreases the speed, compared to the spontaneous walked speed in response to metronome stimuli. The walking speed was measured as the walked distance during a time interval of 30 seconds. Participants walked in an open field in synchrony with the beat of 52 different musical stimuli all having a tempo of 130 beats per minute and a meter of 4 beats. If human walking is in synchrony with the beat and all musical stimuli have the same duration and the same tempo, then differences in walking speed can only be the result of music-induced differences in stride length, thus reflecting the vigor or physical strength of the movement. Inspired by a theory of embodied music cognition, we investigate whether music can entrain the speed of beat synchronized walking.
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